Property of liquids

 

 

   

APPARATUS FOR THE PROPAGATION OF THE PRESSURE
IN LIQUIDS AND GASES

  Function
   To study the propagation of the pressure of liquids and gases.
Maker:
Paravia - Turin 		Price: L 126.50 Purchase date: 1928

  Description
  The apparatus is formed by a hollow sphere of brass, that presents seven holes of 10 mm, at which a pump with piston is applied, provided with two opposite leather caps, so as to work through suction and pressure. In the holes of the sphere the glass manometers are inserted with the help of rubber stoppers. For experiments with liquids it is necessary to put mercury in the manometers; for the gases a drop of coloured water is enough.

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HYDRAULIC PRESS

  Function
   Transforming the forces.
Maker:
Paravia - Turin 		Price: L 632 Purchase date: 1928

  Description
  It is formed by two glass cylinders of different sections in which there are two pistons. The liquid that is used is water. The first piston behaves as suction and pressure pump tanks two valves that allow the influx of the liquid from the tank and the efflux towards the second cylinder.

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APPARATUS FOR DEMONSTRATING VERTICAL THRUST UPWARDS

  Function
   To study the vertical thrust upwards.
Maker:
Paravia - Turin 		Price: L 57.50 Purchase date: 1928

  Description
  It is formed by a cylindrical glass tube held by a ring with three rays, used to lay the tube on the edge of a large container and of a disc of emery glass. The latter has a central jointure and hangs from a string with a ring. For this experiment it is better to use water coloured with uranine or fuchsine.

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HALDAT'S APPARATUS

  Function
   To study the pressure on the bottom of containers, based on the principle of the communicating vessels.
Maker: Unsigned Price: L 5500 Purchase date: 1947

  Description
  The apparatus is formed by a U tube, with a shorter branch that ends with an escutcheon on which we can screw three glass containers of the same height, but with different capacities and forms.
  The U tube is filled with mercury up to the height of the escutcheon. Then we fill the containers with water up to the same height. We can note that the height of the mercury in the other branch is the same in the three cases.
  A little tap placed on the escutcheon is used to discharge the water after each experiment.

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DOUBLE CYLINDER FOR THE ARCHIMEDEAN PRINCIPLE

  Function
   It is used together with the hydrostatic balance to verify the Archimedean principle.
Maker:
Officine Galileo - Florence 		Price: Purchase date: 1931

  Description
  A massive cylinder of nickered brass is equipped with a hook at an end. Another cylinder adapts perfectly to the first. The latter is equipped in his turn with an eyelet and a hook, through which the two cylinders can be hang from the hydrostatic balance

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APPARATUS FOR THE STUDY OF THE PRESSURE ACCORDING TO THE DEPTH


  Function
   To study the variation of the pressure with the depth.
Maker:
Officine Galileo - Florence 		Price: L 150 Purchase date: 1931

  Description
  It is formed by an 80 cm high test tube and a manometer formed by a U tube with a 90 cm long branch. We fill the test tube with water and the manometer with mercury. Then we dip slowly the manometer into the water. We can see that the difference of level of the mercury in the two branches increases proportionally with the depth.

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APPARATUS FOR PLATEAU'S EXPERIMENTS

  Function
   For experiments on the surface tension and on the flattening produced by the centrifugal force on a drop of oil suspended in an alcoholic solution.
Maker:
Officine Galileo - Florence 		Price: L 210 Purchase date: 1931

  Description
 Besides the axe of rotation and the crank are assembled on the same support that runs along a vertical pole, so as to able to can leave the large drop of oil free in the alcoholic solution.

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CARTESIAN DIVER (or DEVIL)

  Function
   It is used to demonstrate the compressibility of the gases and the incompressibility of liquids.
Maker:
Paravia - Turin 		Price: L 34.50 Purchase date: 1928

  Description
  It consists of an empty glass statuette with a very little hole placed sideway (usually in the point of the tail) floating in the water. We fill with water a container with a diameter inferior to the length of the little devil, so that the statuette cannot overturn. The little devil is put into the container, that ids covered with a membrane not let the air in. By pressing the membrane, the water enters in the little devil that falls to the bottom.

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HYDRAULIC WHEEL

  Function
   Transformation of potential gravitational energy into kinetic energy.
Maker:
Made in the school 		Price: Purchase date: 1937

  Description
  When the wheel is set in motion from upside, the water gradually fills the sections one after the other and provokes its motion by the almost exclusive action of its weight. When the wheel is set in motion from the bottom, the water acts largely by collision and very little by the effect of its weight, because the wheel bears only a part of the weight.

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HYDRAULIC WHIRL

  Function
   Transformation of gravitational potential energy in kinetic energy.
Maker:
Paravia - Turin 		Price: L 138 Purchase date: 1928

  Description
  It is formed by a vertical tube closed at the lower end and held by a frame. Four little tubes placed at 90° and folded at right angle are welded to the lower side. The set is made of a painted metallic plate.
  The water poured into the tube comes out of the little tubes horizontally and, for the principle of action and reaction, they turn in the opposite direction.
  The water is collected in a container that also holds the frame.

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FAHRENHEIT HYDROMETER

  Function
   For measuring the density of liquids.
Maker:
Paravia - Turin 		Price: Purchase date: 1928

  Description
  It is made of blown glass. The lower bulb is filled with pellets.

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DENSIMETER


  Function
   For measuring the density or specific gravity of liquids and solutions.
Maker:
G. R. Duroni - Turin 		Price: L 11,50 Purchase date: 1928

  Description
  It is formed by a floater of glass ballasted with lead and graduated in the upper part. It floats vertically.
  The measurement happens on the basis of the law: immersed volumes are inversely proportional to their specific weights.
  The density is read in correspondence of the water line.

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ALCOHOMETER

  Function
   For measaring the quantity of alcohol in a liquid.
Maker:
G. R. Duroni - Turin 		Price: L 11,50 Purchase date: 1928

  Description
  It is a densimeter calibrated to measure the amount of alcohol in liquids.

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HYDROMETER

  Function
   For measuring the quantity of acid in a liquid.
Maker:
G. R. Duroni - Turin 		Price: L 11,50 Purchase date: 1928

  Description
  It is a hydrometer calibrated for measuring the amount of acid in a liquid.

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HYDROMETER

  Function
   For measuring quantity of ammonia in a liquid.
Maker:
G. R. Duroni - Turin 		Price: L 11,50 Purchase date: 1928

  Description
  It is a hydrometer calibrated for measuring the amount of ammonia in a liquid.

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HYDROMETER

  Function
   For measuring the density of liquids.
Maker:
G. R. Duroni - Turin 		Price: L 11.50 Purchase date: 1928

  Description
  It is a hydrometer calibrated for measuring the density of a liquid.

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BALLING'S SACCHAROMETER


  Function
   For measuring the amount of sugar in the beer.
Maker:
Paravia - Turin 		Price: L 37 Purchase date: 1928

  Description
  It is a hydrometer used in the beer industry for measuring the amount of sugar in the must of beer and in beer.
  The scale is calibrated to have the zero at a temperature of 17,5° C. In the densimeter a thermometer is built to correct the value read at different temperatures from that of calibration. For any degree over the zero we add a tenth, while we subtract a tenth for any degree under the zero.

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APPARATUS ILLUSTRATING THE PROPERTIES OF CAPILLARY TUBES

  Function
   To verify the Borelli - Jurin's law.
Maker:
Officine Galileo - Florence 		Price: L 90 Purchase date: 1931

  Description
  It is formed by four U shaped tubes, each with a branch of a one-centimeter diameter communicating with a capillary tube. The tubes are fixed on the same table and have a white celluloid graduated scale. The internal diameters of the capillary branches are different to verify the Borelli - Jurin's law.

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PRISMATIC GLASS TANKS

  Function
   Those little tanks serve to show directly or by projection, the capillary depressions of the mercury and the rises of the liquids that wet the glass.
Maker:
Officine Galileo - Florence 		Price: L 30 Purchase date: 1931

  Description
  The profiles of the meniscuses that are formed between the perpendicular walls are also arcs of equilateral hyperboles.
  The little tanks are also useful in optical experiments. When they are put near one another we obtain a pane with parallel sides of variable thickness.

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ENDOSMOMETER OF THE DUTROCHET TYPE

  Function
   Measure of the endosmosis i.e. the most intense current of the osmosis.
Maker:
Officine Galileo - Florence 		Price: L 60 Purchase date: 1931

  Description
  The tube of rise is applied filling the container closed by the parchment with the liquid under examination. For this the neck is polished with emery and the liquid rises in the tube for a centimetre. Then we make the celluloid scale applied to the tube slide until the zero corresponds to the free surface of the liquid. After this, we can introduce the endosmometer into the cup containing the second liquid. A ring with three rays is used to lay the endosmometer on the edge of the cup.

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IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS

  Function
   To show the characteristics of the immiscible liquids.
Maker:
Paravia - Turin 		Price: L 92 Purchase date: 1928

  Description
  It is a bottle that contains four inmiscible and variously coloured liquids. By shaking it, we obtain a sort of emulsion, but if the bottle is left at rest the liquids separate again.

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