•   Conductivity box according to Ingenhouz's principle
•   Despretz's apparatus for illustrating the propagation of the heat through a homogeneous bar
•   Apparatus for illustrating the propagation of heatin liquids
•   Tyndall's apparatus for determining the specific heat of differents metals
•   Ice calorimeter
•   Water calorimeter (method of mixture)
•   Bunsen's calorimeter
•   Tyndall's tube
•   Pneumatic tinderbox
•   Whiting's tube
•   Steam whirl
•   Working section of a single-cylinder thermo-motor in metal
•   Melloni bench for radiant heat experiments
•   Burning glass
•   Crookes' double-vane radiometer
•   Summary

   

CONDUCTIVITY BOX ACCORDING TO INGENHOUSZ’S PRINCIPLE

Function   To study the conductivity of solids.
Maker: Officine Galileo - Florence Price: L 60 Purchase date: 1931
Description   The prismatic box is made of brass with a mahogany handle. Six dice with a conic hole are applied on the front side: on these dice little bars of different materials (iron, copper, copper-nickel-zinc alloy, zinc, lead, glass) are introduced with friction, after being covered with paraffin or mercury iodide. The box must not be exposed to the flame, but only filled with boiling water.

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DESPRETZ’S APPARATUS FOR ILLUSTRATING THE PROPAGATION OF HEAT THROUGH A HOMOGENEOUS BAR

Function   To study the propagation of the heat in solids.
Maker: Officine Galileo - Florence Price: L 420 Purchase date: 1931
Description   The homogeneous iron bar rests on feet of brass and is separated from these by small plates of cement asbestos. The five holes of the bar are partially filled with mercury, and five identical thermometers are placed into it. At the beginning the thermometers are at the same temperature. With a Bunsen burner the protruding end of the bar is warmed, while the thermometers are protected with a double screen of aluminium. The apparatus is made completely of metal and it is easily decomposable.

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APPARATUS FOR ILLUSTRATING THE PROPAGATION OF HEAT IN LIQUIDS

Function   To study the propagation of heat in liquids.
Maker: Officine Galileo - Florence Price: L 95 Purchase date: 1931
Description   The apparatus is formed by a glass container with a brass reservoir for the boiling oil with a differential thermoscope bearing three lateral holes for the thermometers. After filling the great test-tube with water or another liquid, the reservoir is put on the container and filled with warmed oil. The upper thermometer will show that the temperature increases, but the bottom thermometer remains stationary.   A differential thermoscope with unequal branches completely immersed in the liquid is more indicated for an objective demonstration.

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TYNDALL’S APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF DIFFERENT METALS

Function   Comparison between specific heats of solids.
Maker: Officine Galileo - Florence Price: L 180 Purchase date: 1931
Description   This is the classical model with a disk of paraffin, an iron tripod, a support for five balls of different metals (iron, zinc, copper, tin, lead), and a brass plate to melt the disks of paraffin and to prepare new ones. The balls have the same weight and the same diameter, as we have emptied the centre of those made of denser metal to obtain equal surfaces of contact. The tripod must be used in the two ways with the plate at the bottom to hold the disk, that leans on the thin plates protruding from the feet; with the plate at the top to melt the disk.

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ICE CALORIMETER

Function   Determining the specific heat of a solid.
Maker: Officine Galileo - Florence Price: L 295 Purchase date: 1931
Description   It is based on the quantity of ice that a body can melt yielding heat to achieve the temperature of 0 °C.   The calorimeter of Lavoisier-Laplace is formed by three concentric containers: in the most external one we put minced ice, which prevents the external heat from melting the ice in the second container. This one is used for the heat-sensing measure. In the third container, the more internal one, we place the body. The lateral tube of effusion is used to eliminate the water formed in the first container. The tube at the bottom is used to collect the water produced by the melting ice. This water is collected in a graduated cylinder.

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WATER CALORIMETER (METHOD OF MIXTURE)

Function   Determining the specific heat of a substance.
Maker: Officine Galileo - Florence Price: L 300 Purchase date: 1931
Description   The heat-sensing container is formed by a thin plate made of a copper-nickel-zinc alloy or of brass, with a reflecting outside.   It is suspended inside another container made of a shining brass plate, with strings that go through the wall of the external container. The apparatus leans on a wooden base with a lateral support and a little vice for the thermometer and the agitator.   The latter is a wire of a copper-nickel-zinc alloy, flattened in its curved portion and motioned from afar with a string.

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BUNSEN'S CALORIMETER

School   Spano
Function   Determining the specific heat of a substance.
Maker: Officine Galileo - Firenze Price: L 375 Purchase date: 1931
Description   We fill the double wall glass bulb with water and with mercury in the lower side and in the horizontal and vertical tube.   We lower the temperature of the apparatus to 0 degrees, by closing the calorimeter with pieces of ice and we fill the central test-tubewith a small quantity of ether, which will evaporate rapidly when we provoke a gurgle with a jet of air.   The reduction of the temperature will fix the ice on the wall that. Because of the augmentation of the volume, the ice will move the end of column of the mercury in the horizontal graduated tube.

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TYNDALL’S TUBE

Function   Demonstrative apparatus for the conversion of the work into heat to apply to the rotational apparatus.
Maker: Officine Galileo - Florence Price: L 40 Purchase date: 1931
Description   The tube of brass, which is very thin, is fitted in the cone of the rotational machine with a cylindrical connection of fibres, so that the heat developed by friction cannot pass to the rotation machine. The little vice is provided with two-cork pads. After introducing a little quantity of ether into the tube which is closed with a soft stopper, if we slightly twist the wing nut with the little vice, we reach the point of ebullition of the liquid and the tension sufficient to expel the stopper with few turns.

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PNEUMATIC TINDERBOX

Function   Conversion of the work into heat.
Maker: Officine Galileo - Florence Price: L 70 Purchase date: 1931
Description   It is made of metal with a piston with a double leather cap. The bottom of the calibrated tube is applied to a screw with a lead cushion for a perfect hold. The two leather caps are clasped with a hollow cylindrical nut, that has a lateral tip to hold the tinder.   The certain ignition of the tinder depends on the quickness of the compression and on the state of lubrication of the piston. It is better to lubricate it with olive oil and after the use to wash the piston and the cylinder with petrol to avoid the formation of copper salts.

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WHITING'S TUBE

Function   Determining the mechanical equivalent of heat.
Maker: Officine Galileo - Florence Price: Purchase date: 1931
Description   Whiting's tube is the simplest and most economical device for determining the thermal equivalent of the work and it is formed by a special tube closed at the ends with cylindrical blocks of wood, that isolate it thermally from the operator’s hands.   We introduce pellets of lead through the lid, that is kept closed by a belt during all the time of the experiment. Then the tube is turned over and over again. The metal falls from one end to the other and gets hot. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment the pellets are dropped into a glass and their temperature is measured with a thermometer.

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STEAM WHIRL

Function   It is used to explain the functioning of the reaction turbine.
Maker: Officine Galileo - Florence Price: L 100 Purchase date: 1931
Description   The apparatus is totally in brass; the little boiler stands on an iron tripod that is tall enough to be placed over a Bunsen burner.   The steam goes across two tubes at right angles, fixed to a turning top. It is enough to fill half the boiler with water and lubricate the steam capstan with mineral oil. Take off the flame when you think the water has arrived under the welding to prevent the boiler from breaking.

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WORKING SECTION OF A SINGLE-CYLINDER THERMO-MOTOR IN METAL

Function   Functioning of a thermo-motor.
Maker: Officine Galileo - Florence Price: L 500 Purchase date: 1931
Description   The apparatus is in metal. It is possible to distinguish clearly and in their exact proportions all the essential parts of the vertical steam engine and the correspondences between the piston and distribution valves in the dead points. The apparatus is on a base of cast iron with a brass column.   The apparatus has a mechanism for the reverse gear.

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MELLONI BENCH FOR RADIANT HEAT EXPERIMENTS

Function   For experiments on the radiant heat.
Maker: Officine Galileo - Florence Price: L 2250 Purchase date: 1931
Description   The apparatus is complete for many experiments on radiant heat. It includes: an iron ruler divided into cms with very visible notches, supported by two brass columns fixed on a base of shining wood; a flat graduated circle for the experiments on reflection; a thermopile made fifty thermocouples, held at hinge by a mobile arm; a plate with a spirit lamp; one Locatelli’s lamp with a nickered reflector; a Leslie's cube; a darkened screen with a turning diaphragm with a hole of different diameter; a double turning screen at hinge; tube closed with plates of halite.

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BURNING GLASS

Function   To study the heat propagation.
Maker: Unsigned Price: Purchase date:
Description   Two brass mirrors are placed vertically on two wooden bases. The source (red-hot sphere, flame) is placed on the focus of a mirror while the detector (radiometer, thermoscope) is Placed on the other focus.

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CROOKES’ DOUBLE-VANE RADIOMETER

Function   Conversion of radiant energy into mechanical energy.
Maker: Officine Galileo - Florence Price: L 70 Purchase date: 1931
Description   In the two eddies the darkness of the sides is opposite and for this they rotate in opposite direction.

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