DULCE ET DECORUM EST

Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, 
Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, 
Till on the haunting flares² we turned our backs 
And towards our distant rest³ began to trudge. 
Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots 
But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind; 
Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots⁴
Of tired, outstripped⁵ Five-Nines⁶ that dropped behind.

Gas!7 Gas! Quick, boys! – An ecstasy of fumbling, 
Fitting the clumsy helmets⁸ just in time; 
But someone still was yelling out and stumbling, 
And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime⁹. . . 
Dim, through the misty panes¹⁰ and thick green light, 
As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.

In all my dreams, before my helpless sight, 
He plunges at me, guttering,¹¹ choking, drowning.

If in some smothering dreams you too could pace 
Behind the wagon that we flung him in, 
And watch the white eyes writhing in his face, 
His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin; 
If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood 
Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs, 
Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud¹²
Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues, 
My friend, you would not tell with such high zest¹³
To children ardent¹⁴ for some desperate glory, 
The old Lie; Dulce et Decorum est 
Pro patria mori.¹⁵

8 October 1917 - March, 1918

¹ DULCE ET DECORUM EST - the first words of a Latin saying (taken from
an ode by Horace). The words were widely understood and often quoted at
the start of the First World War. They mean "It is sweet and right." The
full saying ends the poem: Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori - it is
sweet and right to die for your country. In other words, it is a wonderful
and great honour to fight and die for your country
² rockets which were sent up to burn with a brilliant glare to light up
men and other targets in the area between the front lines (See illustration,
page 118 of Out in the Dark.)
³ a camp away from the front line where exhausted soldiers might rest for
a few days, or longer
⁴ the noise made by the shells rushing through the air
⁵ outpaced, the soldiers have struggled beyond the reach of these shells
which are now falling behind them as they struggle away from the scene
of battle 6 Five-Nines - 5.9 calibre explosive shells
⁷ poison gas. From the symptoms it would appear to be chlorine or phosgene gas. The filling of the lungs with fluid had the same effects as when a person drowned
⁸ the early name for gas masks
⁹ a white chalky substance which can burn live tissue
¹⁰ the glass in the eyepieces of the gas masks
¹¹ Owen probably meant flickering out like a candle or gurgling like water
draining down a gutter, referring to the sounds in the throat of the choking
man, or it might be a sound partly like stuttering and partly like gurgling
¹² normally the regurgitated grass that cows chew; here a similar looking
material was issuing from the soldier's mouth
¹³ high zest - idealistic enthusiasm, keenly believing in the rightness
of the idea
¹⁴ keen
¹⁵ see note 1

To see the source of Wilfred Owen's ideas about muddy conditions see his letter in Wilfred Owen's First Encounter with the Reality of War.

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