Expansion

 

 

 

 

   

THERMOMETER WITH THREE SCALES
 
 School
  Spano

  Function
   Measurement of the temperature.
Maker:
Officine Galileo - Florence 		Price: L 10 Purchase date: 1931

  Description
  It is a mercurial thermometer on a wooden table. The three scales are Celsius, Réaumur and Fahrenheit. The latter is divided into two-degrees-parts, but we can see the correspondence of the fixed points.

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MINIMUM THERMOMETER
 
 School
  Spano

  Function
   Measure of the minimum temperature during a certain period.
Maker:
Officine Galileo - Florence 		Price: L 20 Purchase date: 1931

  Description
  It is a thermometer placed horizontally on a wooden table. The liquid leaves the position of a pole unchanged inside of a capillary when it expands, while it drags the pole when it contracts.

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LESLIE'S DIFFERENTIAL THERMOSCOPE


 School
  Castelvė

 Function
   Measurement of the temperature.
Maker: Unsigned Price: Purchase date: 1876

  Description
  It is made of a U tube at which ends there are two bulbs and it is fixed onto a table with the same shape fixed on a wooden base. Alcohol is present in the tube.
  By heating the air in the bulbs the liquid expands. If the temperature is different we have a different pressure and a different level in the liquid.

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RUMFORD'S DIFFERENTIAL THERMOSCOPE

 School
  Azuni

 Function
   Measurement of the temperature.
Maker: Unsigned Price: L 6 Purchase date: 1923

  Description
  It is made of a U tube at which ends there are two spheres full of air. The tube is fixed onto a rectangular support held by a wooden column. It is different from Leslie's thermoscope because of the greater horizontal length: in this manner the reading is made along to the basis.
  By heating the air in one of the spheres it expands and pushes a drop of sulphuric acid towards the cooler zone.

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THERMOMETER TO MESAURE HEAT RADIATION

 School
  Azuni (1), Castelvė (2)

 Function
   Measurement of the temperature.
Maker:
(1) Tecnomasio italiano - Milan
(2) Unsigned 		   Price:
L 6
- 		  Purchase date:
1862
Cat. 1923

  Description
  It is a mercury thermometer placed inside a glass cap that has a spherical shape of 55 mm diameter around the bulb. We presume the bulb to be vacuum.
  For this the heat arrives to the bulb in form of radiant energy.

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METALLIC THERMOMETER (Breguet)

 School
  University (1),   Azuni (2) 		(2)

 Function
   Measurement of the temperature.
Maker:
(1) Unsigned
(2)Unsigned 		Price:
L 45
L 27 		Purchase date:
1883
1873

  Description
  The device is formed by a ribbon of very thin platinum gold and silver sheets, superimposed and pressed. The ribbon is wrapped in a helical form and fixed above a brass support. A container with mercury linked to a binding post is on the basis. Another binding post is placed at half height of the support of the spiral. The ensemble rests on a wooden basis and it is protected by a bell jar.
  The operation is based on the different expansions of the metals. If we place silver, that is more expansible, inside, the helix unwinds when the temperature increases and it rewinds when the temperature decreases. The contrary happens if we have platinum inside the helix. Gold, that has an intermediate expansion coefficient, is used to avoid breaks.

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LINEAR EXPANSION APPARATUS

 School
  Castelvė (1),   Spano (2),   Pellegrini (3)
(2)

 Function
   It is used to study the variation of the length of a metallic bar in function of the variation of temperature.
Maker:
(1) Unsigned
(2) Officine Galileo - Florence
(3) Unsigned 		Price:
L 4
L 170
L 288 		Purchase date:
Cat. 1923
1931
1927

  Description
  (2) Two small columns set in a cast iron base with double square capitals, with a bar on top of these. One of the end of the top bar is held by a regulating pressure screw. At the free end, the bar pushes on versus the arm of a lever at right angles, the other arm of which bears a mobile in front of a separated scale. The cotton sock that protrudes from a horizontal lamp is later soaked with alcohol. Two little bars of brass and iron of equal dimensions are added to the apparatus.

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TINDALL’S APPARATUS
 
 School
  Spano

  Function
   It is used to study the contraction of a bar of metal during the cooling.
Maker:
Officine Galileo - Florence 		Price: L 125 Purchase date: 1931

  Description
  We heat the iron square bar without the top screw nut over a coal cooker or a gas-cooker, without making it red-hot. We insert the bar into the proper cavities of the base, that have two pads of cement asbestos at the bottom, so as to prevent a fast transmission of the heat. In the hole of the bar we introduce one end of a cast iron rod and in the meantime, we strongly screw the handle.
  The apparatus is left for a while, then the cast iron rod breaks up and the bar is launched away.

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RING AND SPHERE FOR CUBIC EXPANSION
 
 School
  Spano (1),   Pellegrini (2) 		(1)

  Function
   To show the expansion of solids.
Maker:
Officine Galileo - Florence 		Price: L 80 Purchase date: 1931

  Description
  (1) The ring is sustained by a tripod to prevent the sphere from dropping out of the apparatus when it crosses the ring. The brass sphere is hollow and without welding and it warms in little time. It is not necessary to reach a high temperature, as the difference between the sphere and the ring is very small. The hook with the wooden handle is used to hold the sphere on the flame and to carry it onto the ring.

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RING AND SPHERE FOR CUBIC EXPANSION WITH STOVE
 
 School
  University (1),   Castelvė (2) 		(2)

  Function
   To show the expansion of solids.
Maker:
(1) Unsigned
(2) Unsigned 		Price:
L 20
L 25 		Purchase date:
1883
Cat. 1923

  Description
  (2) The ring is anchored to a metallic curved pole. The sphere hangs from the end of the pole with the help of a small chain.
  There is an alcohol stove to heat the sphere.

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MODEL OF COMPENSATED PENDULUM
 
 School
  Spano

  Function
   The pendulum is prepare in order to make the variation of length due to the variation of temperature as small as possible.
Maker: Paravia -Turin Price: L 414 Purchase date: 1928

  Description
  Model with four bars, two brass ones and two iron ones, with a brass lens suspended by its centre.
  It has a support with an iron cast foot and a very small iron column.

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APPARATUS FOR ASCERTAINING THE VARYING EXPANSIBILITY OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS

 
 School
  Spano

  Function
   Studying the expansion of different liquids.
Maker:
Officine Galileo - Florence 		Price: L 250 Purchase date: 1931

  Description
  A metallic frame holds four little balls of glass with the same diameter that are linked to the same number of capillary tubes with the same section. After introducing some mercury up to a certain level (low) into one of the bulbs, we fill the other bulbs with different previously coloured liquids (e.g. water, alcohol, petrol and essence of turpentine) up to the same level. A millimetric scale on a running lame of aluminium is applied on each capillary. It is easy to understand its purpose and utility.
  A small prismatic zinc tank that will be filled with water and in which the bulbs will be immerged is given together with the frame.

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HOPE’S APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING
THE MAXIMUM DENSITY OF THE WATER
 
 School
  Spano

  Function
   Studying the anomalous behaviour of water.
Maker:
Officine Galileo - Florence 		Price: L 130 Purchase date: 1931

  Description
  Upon and under the sleeve, through two holes in the test tube, we introduce two thermometers. After filling the test tube with water, the two thermometers will show the same temperature. When we put a mixture of ice and salt, as the water gets cooler, it falls to the bottom and at once the temperature of the lower thermometer falls down, while the upper thermometer stays almost stationary.
  From then on the temperature of the upper thermometer will go down, reaching almost grade 0, while the lower thermometer stays on grade 4, because the water at grade 4 has reached its maximum specific weight and so cannot be substituted by colder water.

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